Of a vowel, produced without rounding of the lips. [i] and [a] are vowels examples of unrounded vowels.

See mid.

A contrastive raising of tone register, notated with a raised inverted exclamation mark or an up-arrow (cf. downstep).

The fleshy protuberance that hangs from the end of the soft palate. Passive articulator in the case of uvular sounds.

The place of articulation of a consonant formed by constricting the back of the throat near the uvula with the back of the tongue. The sounds [q] and [N] are examples of uvular sounds.

Information about the semantic roles and syntactic functions of a verb. Also called valency.

See valence.

In a variable stress language, primary stress is not fixed on a particular position in the word.

The place of articulation of a consonant that involves a constriction involving the back of the tongue and the soft palate.

The name of an airstream mechanism in which the airflow is initiated by a closure of the back of the tongue on the velum. Clicks are produced with a velaric airstream mechanism.