Phonology and morphology glossary
Terms that have specialised meaning in phonology and/or morphology.
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Back (of the tongue)The part of the tongue below the soft palate. | |
Back vowelVowel in which the body of the tongue is in the back part of the oral cavity (mouth). The vowels [ u, o] are examples of back vowels. | |
BackformationA morphological process in which a real or imagined affix is removed from an existing word to create another, e.g., editor > edit, liaison > liaise. | |
Bark scaleA scale in which equal intervals of pitch as perceived by listeners are represented by equal distance on the scale. | |
BaseThe root or stem to which an affix attaches. | |
BenefactiveA valence-changing operation that creates a new direct object argument for the participant who is the beneficiary of the action. | |
BilabialThe name of a place of articulation. The articulators are the upper and lower lips. [p b m] are examples of bilabial sounds. | |
BinaryOf phonological features: taking one of two opposite values. For example, speech sounds may be classified as [+nasal] if they are made with the velum lowered or [-nasal] if they are not. | |
Blade (of the tongue)The part of the tongue that lies behind the alveolar ridge when the tongue is at rest. | |
BlendA word derived by combining parts of two or more other words, e.g., English smog < smoke and fog. | |
BlockingThe process by which a potential word is prevented from occurring in a language because another form with the same meaning and function already exists. | |
Bottom-up processingA process in which lowerlevel processes are carried out without influence from higher-level processes (for example, perception of phonemes being uninfluenced by the words in which they appear). | |
Bound formA morpheme that may not stand on its own and must be attached to a stem. | |
Breathy voiceA type of phonation in which the pattern of vocal fold vibration allows the escape of relatively large amounts of air in each cycle of vibration, producing audible noise along with voicing. Sometimes referred to as murmur. | |
Broca’s aphasiaAn aphasia characterized by deficits in language production. Also called expressive aphasia. | |
Broca’s areaA brain region in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere. Damage to this region leads to Broca’s aphasia. | |